A female is an individual of the sex which produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes to produce offspring. The term “female” is usually used in reference to mammals, birds, and other animals; however, it can also refer to plants and fungi. The designation is applied when there is a need to distinguish between males and females within a species. In many cases, the terms “male” and “female” are interchangeable with hermaphrodite.
The female reproductive system includes ovaries, oviducts, the uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs (ova), which travel through the oviducts to the uterus. The egg is fertilized by sperm from the male during sexual intercourse and implants itself in the lining of the uterus where it begins to grow into a fetus. The placenta forms during pregnancy and provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus through the umbilical cord.
The average human female menstrual cycle lasts 28 days and consists of four phases: menstruation (bleeding), follicular (egg production), ovulation (release of egg), and luteal (thickening of uterine lining in preparation for implantation). Menarche marks the beginning of menstruation and typically occurs between 12-13 years of age. Menopause marks the end of menstruation and typically occurs between 45-55 years of age.
Pregnancy lasts an average of 40 weeks from fertilization to childbirth. Childbirth, also known as labor or delivery, typically occurs 3-5 hours after onset contractions at a hospital or birthing center under medical supervision. During pregnancy, expectant mothers often experience morning sickness, fatigue, cravings/aversions, back pain, Braxton Hicks contractions (false labor), Nesting instinct (preparing for baby’s arrival). After delivery, new mothers may experience postpartum depression or baby blues due to hormonal changes as well as lack of sleep.