Researchers from UCLA have made a groundbreaking genetic discovery regarding the white-bellied pangolin, shedding light on the unusual nature of this scaly mammal. Their findings, published in the journal Chromosome Research, unveil a “scientific surprise” that could greatly contribute to conservation efforts aimed at protecting these endangered creatures.
The study reveals that the female white-bellied pangolin possesses an astonishing 114 chromosomes, surpassed only by the Bolivian bamboo rat with 118 chromosomes, while humans have a mere 46. In contrast, other pangolin species exhibit chromosome counts within the typical mammalian range, varying from 36 to 42. The researchers also identified another genetic peculiarity—male white-bellied pangolins have 113 chromosomes, differing from their female counterparts. This disparity in chromosome counts sets them apart from most other species, where males and females typically share the same number.
According to Jen Tinsman, a UCLA research fellow and co-author of the study, pangolins are truly unique creatures. Belonging to their own order and family, they bear closest resemblance to cats and rhinoceroses. The research was a collaborative effort between UCLA and various universities, zoos, and research organizations worldwide. Its primary aim was to generate comprehensive genomic information about the pangolin species to bolster conservation initiatives, as all four species of pangolins face endangerment.
Studying pangolins is notoriously challenging due to their elusive nature. They do not fare well in captivity, and locating them in the wild proves difficult. Moreover, traditional monitoring techniques often fail with pangolins as they rub off radio tags using trees. Nonetheless, researchers have discovered that pangolins dig and use their long tongues to feed on ants, termites, and other insects. The white-bellied variety, for instance, lives in trees by hanging from trunks and branches, while others inhabit burrows. When threatened, pangolins curl into protective balls, although lions sometimes interact playfully with them, unsure of how to approach these intriguing creatures.
While the study holds scientific value, it also serves as a crucial genetic resource to support conservation efforts, particularly in combating the primary reason for their endangerment—poaching. Pangolins’ scales are illegally sold on global markets for use in traditional medicine, with demand spanning from Nigeria to China. Additionally, they are hunted for consumption as bush meat, fetching approximately $10 each locally or over $1,000 in distant regions for exotic meals. Jen Tinsman notes that pangolin scales are often trafficked alongside guns, fake IDs, and drugs, involving major international crime syndicates.
Applying genomics in this context can help identify pangolin species associated with derived products, aiding conservationists and researchers in understanding species distinctions. This knowledge becomes vital as pangolins inhabit vast territories spanning 6 million square kilometers (2.3 million square miles) across 23 countries. Ryan Harrigan, an adjunct professor at the UCLA Center for Tropical Research and co-author of the study, emphasizes the importance of understanding chromosomes and gene structures in conservation efforts. Significant genetic variations within pangolin populations may influence management strategies for their preservation.
UCLA evolutionary biologist Tom Smith, another co-author, applauds the study’s ability to simultaneously advance both fundamental science and critical efforts to save the critically endangered species. As technologies such as artificial intelligence and emerging conservation methods like environmental DNA (eDNA) continue to develop and refine, these new findings become increasingly valuable. The study aligns with broader initiatives to monitor and combat pangolin poaching led by the Congo Basin Institute, a joint endeavor of UCLA and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
The urgency of protecting the pangolin species is evident to Tom Smith, who laments the ironic fate of this delightful creature that faces extinction due to human activities. The study’s success and the future genomic research planned for other pangolin species provide hope for conserving these remarkable animals.
Reference:
Houck, M. L., Koepfli, K. P., Hains, T., Khan, R., Charter, S. J., Fronczek, J. A., … Dudchenko, O. (2023). Chromosome-length genome assemblies and cytogenomic analyses of pangolins reveal remarkable chromosome counts and plasticity. Chromosome Research. DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09722-y
Table of Contents
FAQ about White-Bellied Pangolin Chromosomes
What is the significance of the genetic discovery about white-bellied pangolins?
The genetic discovery regarding white-bellied pangolins is significant because it reveals that these unique mammals possess an unusually high chromosome count, surpassed only by a few other species. This finding sheds light on the genetic diversity and complexity of pangolins, providing valuable insights for conservation efforts.
Why are pangolins endangered?
Pangolins are endangered primarily due to poaching and the illegal wildlife trade. Their scales are highly sought after for use in traditional medicine, and their meat is consumed as a delicacy in some regions. This high demand drives illegal hunting and trafficking, pushing pangolins towards the brink of extinction.
How can the genetic research on pangolins support conservation efforts?
The genetic research on pangolins provides crucial information about their genome, including chromosome counts and genetic variations. This knowledge can aid conservationists in identifying different pangolin species and understanding population differences within each species. It also helps in developing targeted conservation strategies to protect and manage pangolin populations effectively.
What challenges are faced in studying and conserving pangolins?
Studying and conserving pangolins present various challenges. Pangolins are elusive animals that are difficult to locate and study in the wild. They also have unique behaviors and habitat requirements, making it challenging to monitor their populations. Furthermore, their illegal poaching and trafficking pose significant obstacles to their conservation, requiring concerted efforts to combat these activities.
How can the public contribute to pangolin conservation?
The public can contribute to pangolin conservation by raising awareness about the plight of these animals. Supporting organizations and initiatives dedicated to pangolin conservation, advocating for stronger legislation against poaching and illegal wildlife trade, and promoting responsible tourism practices are all ways to make a positive impact. Additionally, refraining from purchasing pangolin products and spreading knowledge about the importance of protecting these species can help in their conservation efforts.
