Turbulence is a fluid motion characterized by chaotic and stochastic behavior. It is commonly observed in nature, for example in weather systems, oceans, and flowing rivers. However, turbulence can also be created artificially, for example by flow of air over an airplane wing.
Turbulent flow is characterized by large changes in velocity and pressure over short distances. This makes it difficult to predict the behavior of turbulent fluids using traditional methods such as Newtonian mechanics. Instead, a statistical approach is often used to describe turbulent flow.
In general, turbulence can be classified into two types: laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow is orderly and predictable, while turbulent flow is chaotic and unpredictable. Turbulent flow typically occurs at high speeds or when the fluid encounters obstacles such as walls or other objects.
There are many different theories that have been proposed to explain turbulence; however, no single theory has been able to completely explain all aspects of this complex phenomenon. Some of the most notable theories include the Kolmogorov cascade theory, the Edwards-Wilkinson equation, and the Prandtl mixing length theory. Despite these efforts, much about turbulence remains unknown and scientists continue to study this fascinating phenomenon.