Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system and its disorders. The endocrine system consists of a network of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones regulate the body’s growth, metabolism, and reproductive function.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is the master gland of the endocrine system. It secretes hormones that control other glands and many body functions, including growth, blood pressure, fertility, pregnancy, lactation, stress response, and thyroid function.
The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys. They produce hormones that help to regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and heart rate in response to stress. The adrenal glands also produce sex hormones (androgens) that influence sexual development and function.
The pancreas is located in the abdomen behind the stomach. It produces insulin, a hormone that helps to regulate blood sugar levels. Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood due to defects in insulin production or action.
The thyroid gland is located in front of the neck below the Adam’s apple (larynx). It produces thyroxine (T4), which regulates metabolism; triiodothyronine (T3), which regulates cell growth; and calcitonin, which helps to regulate calcium levels in bone and blood vessels. Thyroid disorders include hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).